Type of Fraud Corruption in Private or Public Organisation - 3025 Words

Type of Fraud Corruption in a Private or Public Sector Organisation (Research Paper Sample) Content: Case study: the national health servicesName:Course:Professor:Institution:City and State:Date:IntroductionRashidian, Joudaki, and Vian (2012) conducted an extensive study examining the effectiveness of different interventions in prevention and detection of fraud. The study used secondary sources gathered between 1975 and 2008, and concluded that combating fraud remains a huge challenge to the health systems. Already, some researchers have tried to quantify the extent of the health care fraud. In the UK, fraud accounts for 3 to10% of all health care expenditure while in America it is estimated that health care fraud costs the Americans $100 billion. This paper examines the prevalence of the fraudulent activities at the National Health Services while offering appropriate recommendations. BackgroundThe National Health Services (NHS) was established on 5th July 1948, and its objective is to provide comprehensive medical services to all the UK residents. Through the organi zation, the UK residents are able to access ambulatory, general practitioner and specialist care services through a cost-sharing arrangement. The NHS accounts for the majority of the total health care expenditure. The organization is funded by the UK government, national insurance contributions and the user charges. Another key source of the income is the prescription charges which are only applicable in England and dental charges. The organization came into being following the passage of the National Health Services Act of 1946 (Rivett, 1998). Prior to the formation of the NHS, patients would be required to pay for their own healthcare services. The original structure of the organization had three components: hospital services, primary care services and community services. The three components form what is otherwise known as the tripartite system, and under this arrangement regional hospital boards were formed to administer services to the patients. The Boards functions were comple mented by the independent contractors and the health workers under the county government. The functions of the NHS were restructured in 1970s and 1980s with the introduction of the modern management processes. Over time, the governments expenditure on the NHS increased from  £11.4billion in 1948 to  £121billion in 2010. According to Pollock (2004) most of the NHSs funds are allocated to the primary care trusts. The general practitioners are paid by the primary care for the services administered to the patients through a combination of the following methods: salaries, capitation and fee-for-service. To improve the quality of the services available to the patients the NHS, a number of regulatory bodies have been formed. While ensuring patients receive quality care and services, the regulatory bodies, also evaluated how funds are being used. The government has also borrowed a cue from the private sector by introducing pay-per-performance programs. Under the new dispensation the gov ernment has initiated a quality and outcome framework whose role is to monitor the quality of care provided by the general practitioners. Under this arrangement, the general practitioners are awarded points with the aim of improving quality of care delivered to the patients. Although efficiency programs are synonymous with the private sector, they are also been adopted in the public sector. In this regard, the UK government has initiated the Gershon Efficiency Programmes. According to Gorsky (2008) these programmes intend to reduce the costs of healthcare provision, increasing front-line productivity and centralizing procurement services. At the same time the government has undertaken to benchmark the NHS organizations against the performance of their peers. To further enhance the efficiency of the NHS, the government has formed independent bodies such as the Institute for Innovation and Improvement. Through such bodies, the government has been able to introduce new technology in th e organization while being able deal with the changes to working practices. Fraudulent claims 3.1 Fraud practices by the patients According to the NHS regulations, low-income patients do not have to pay any charges. However, there are instances, where patients fraudulently avoid such charges. Mandelstam (2006) observes that between 1998 and 1999 losses resulting from patient fraud were à ¢255 m. The extent to which patient fraud is prevalent at the NHS is well captured in an article titled, NHS losing millions to fraudulent patients. According to Mandelstam (2006) there are instances where patients have falsely been claiming travel expenses. There are also instances where patients have been lying to the NHS about benefit entitlement with the intent of claiming free treatment of travel costs. In Scotland, the NHS operations are heavily affected by cases of patient fraud. The administrators are trying their best to investigate fraudulent claims but the process requires a lot of resou rces. The situation of fraudulent claims by patients is also captured by an article by Jonathan Owen, an editor with the independent. According to Owen (2014) patients and staff fake invoices, steal money from bank accounts, fake worksheets and fail to pay for prescriptions. There are also situations where patients use false personal details or overseas patients failing to pay for NHS treatment before they leave the country. The total losses resulting from the fraudulent claims are estimated to be  £3b, which represents a 3% of the entire NHS budget. According to Gorsky (2008) a lot needs to be done to reduced fraud incidences in the organization3.2 Fraud patients by the medical professionalsThe professionals have implicated, in the fraudulent practices by falsifying exemption claims on prescriptions or failing to submit low value prescriptions to the Prescription Pricing Authority. Medical professionals have also been submitting claims not performed, or overstating such claims . Just to illustrate, dentist are eligible for a recalled attendance fee for returning a distance of over one and half miles. In one case that were investigated by the Counter Fraud and Security Management Services, a Liverpool dentist was found guilty of fraudulent claims totaling over  £ 7,000 (Gorsky, 2008). Beside the medical practitioners, suppliers are known to bribe employees and managers for awarding of contracts. 3.3 Fraud and corruption by staffThere are instances when non-existing employees have been introduced the payroll and then his or her salary is diverted to the perpetrator. Some of the workers also over-state their work hour in order to claim more money. Collusion between the employees and the suppliers is quite common. The employees receive monetary gifts in return to favoring some indentified suppliers. The employees also use the equipment in the workplaces for personal purposes without reimbursing the trust. According to Gorsky (2008) it is also quite common for the employees to alter documents to disguise theft of cash, help the medical professionals to falsify claims or accept cash without declaring it. In one of the cases, a Liverpool NHS receptionist was convicted of false claims (Gorsky, 2008). Hayley Kelly who worked at the Earle Road medical centre was sentenced for six months for falsely claiming sick leave pay. In another case, a domestic assistant who worked for Mersey care was found guilty of taking another job while off sick from the Trust (Gorsky, 2008). Fraud prevention and investigation structuresTo deal with the cases of corruption and fraud in the organization a number of structures have been established, each of which is discussed below. Counter Fraud and Security Management ServicesIt is a dedicated branch of the NHS which was formed in 1998 with the mandate of reducing fraud to absolute minimum. It was assumed that by reducing fraud cases in the organization, it would free up resources which would then be used for be tter patient care. The branch ensures resources are well spent and utilized and just to illustrate, in 2010, 105 fraud-related cases were prosecuted. The employees working at the CFSM are well trained as fraud specialists. To operate effectively, the organization has established relationships with the medical practitioners, law enforcement agencies, tax authorities, audit commission, and regulatory bodies (Stewart, 2008). Counter fraud specialistsAccording to Treisman (2007) each of the trusts is required to have an accredited counter fraud specialist. The local counter fraud specialists ensure the NHS resources are used for the intended purpose. They are also mandated to promote a counter-fraud culture among the patients, staff members and the visitors. Upon investigating the alleged fraud cases, they can then take the necessary legal measures. Their responsibility within the fraud-prevention framework is to train the employees how to spot fraud and report suspected incidents. Pha rmaceutical and dental fraud teamsAs indicated earlier, fraud cases are quite prevalent in the pharmaceutical divisions. To deal with this challenge, it is imperative to have a team of specialists who are integrated within the CFMS structure. The specialists propose ways through which fraud cases within the pharmaceutical departments could be avoided. Literature review: fraud and corruption prevention strategiesAccording to the available literature, the following processes have inherent risk of fraud and corruption: provision of medical by medical personnel, human resource management, procurement of drugs and supplies, distribution and prescription of medicine, budgeting and pricing and regulatory parameters. The available literature concur that fraud and corruption negatively impact the economy. Besides limiting economic growth, fraud and corruption affects access ...

Using a Sample Gre Argument Essay to Learn How to Create Your Own Conclusion

<h1>Using a Sample Gre Argument Essay to Learn How to Create Your Own Conclusion</h1><p>A test Gre contention exposition is probably the best asset you can use to figure out how to make your own decision. Since you're perusing a similar book as the educator, there's a solace level. This doesn't imply that you're hopping in blindfolded yet rather that you've come arranged with the data and you don't feel scared by the way that your teacher has shown this material.</p><p></p><p>By moving toward this activity from this point of view, you'll have the option to perceive what's the best methodology for you. There are a few focuses to keep in mind:</p><p></p><p>Most understudies think that its accommodating to examine a paper that has a rushed pace. That is on the grounds that it's increasingly natural and thusly simpler to learn. Permitting yourself the advantage of time permits you to consider things more than if you're req uired to finish all the schoolwork in a given time span. The additional time you have, the more you'll have the option to hold information.</p><p></p><p>Try to discover a book or mentor who utilizes a similar method of introducing and arranging content. Take notes from their composing style and utilize a similar arrangement. For instance, in case you're figuring out how to compose a contention article, it is useful to peruse an exposition by a schoolmate who composes like you.</p><p></p><p>The primary concern is that you can't get away from the way that you're learning. Try not to pause for a minute to grieve that the educator will put off his instructing for whatever length of time that he can on the grounds that this is really a piece of the process.</p><p></p><p>As you study the example paper, don't get enveloped with what the teacher needs to state. This isn't the spot to impart your insight. You're there to learn and that is the thing that the educator needs to enable you to do. By featuring the qualities and shortcomings of a contention, you're advancing toward having the option to make an intelligible article that gives an explanation behind reasoning or contending in the first place.</p><p></p><p>Even on the off chance that you aren't persuaded that the thoughts in the contention are right, you have to make reference to points of interest and information that back it up. Else, it appears to be a misuse of time.</p><p></p><p>For a few people, the task may not be unreasonably troublesome; for other people, it will be times nearby parochial or a movement composing task. Whatever your experience level, utilizing this procedure will enable you to learn at your own pace and maintain a strategic distance from shame in the event that you've been struggling.</p>

Essay Writing Service - Why You Should Consider Using a Vancouver BC Essay Writing Service

Exposition Writing Service - Why You Should Consider Using a Vancouver BC Essay Writing ServiceIf you need to compose an article on everything without exception, however would prefer not do everything without anyone else, consider employing a decent paper composing administration to carry out the responsibility for you. A decent author will assist you with arranging your contemplations, keep you on target, and at last get your exposition where you need it to go.First of all, ensure that your paper will be to the point. A few people are simply not open to stating what they need to state. On the off chance that you will compose something like a paper about a specific subject, at that point you should have the option to take a full breath and state what you need to state. On the off chance that you can't do this, you ought to presumably skirt the paper inside and out and proceed onward to a point that you feel progressively great with.Another interesting point when concluding whether to utilize a composing administration or not is your degree of capacity. Is it you who needs to compose the article, or is it another person? On the off chance that you believe that you will do this as a diversion, you might need to look at a nearby internet composing administration. They can deal with the work and ensure that you complete everything with no delays.For the individuals who are curious about how things work in Canada, the organizations that offer these types of assistance are really called 'specialists'. They have some expertise in one sort of business: how to showcase your item to the most noteworthy bidder. The main thing you need to stress over is ensuring that the organization is genuine and that they approach all that you have to get your promoting effort off the ground.You may imagine that Vancouver is on the east coast, yet it is really not. The significant urban areas in Canada are situated in the east, so there are in every case a lot of individuals that need t o visit Vancouver. This implies there are a lot of individuals who will be keen on perusing your paper, so finding a decent article composing administration in Vancouver isn't hard at all.So you are thinking about how would you prepare your exposition? All things considered, composing an incredible article is tied in with verbally processing and thinking of thoughts that are going to intrigue perusers. With regards to composing a paper, you have to consider what will be intriguing to perusers. The administration you pick ought to have the option to assist you with concocting intriguing thoughts that will make a fascinating essay.In the end, finding a decent article composing administration in Vancouver BC will assist you with setting aside time and cash. This implies you can concentrate on becoming more acquainted with and conversing with individuals as opposed to making sense of how to compose the article. There are a lot of ways that you can recruit an expert help for this sort of work, so pick the one that meets your requirements.

Argumentative Essay Topics

Argumentative Essay TopicsStudents must be well prepared for any type of argumentative essay topic they choose to write on. Writing an argumentative essay can take some time and effort. Many times, students will find themselves with long lines to get their essays completed before they even begin to write them. If you have questions about writing an argumentative essay topic or if you're unsure about the subjects that are considered acceptable topics, this article can help you.Students should know that there are several good argumentative essay topics. Some are considered controversial topics, others are considered to be politically incorrect. They should also know that there are many different types of arguments they can use to prove their points.It's title should also be clear and descriptive. Students must state the facts and they must also be able to provide an effective argument. Factual or neutral arguments should be done by students who are well prepared. Students who lack know ledge about the subject matter may find themselves arguing a side that is not favorable to their argument.Students can also create argumentative essay topics using situations that they have seen, known, or experienced. For example, they could write an argumentative essay about the importance of the United States flag. They could write a short essay about how they have seen the flag in action in other countries. This type of essay is more creative and requires a person to explain what they have seen and to provide a valid argument for the facts they have written.A green card debate is another type of argumentative essay topic. An argumentative essay on the green card debate between the United States and Mexico would not be considered a proper essay in the United States. Although the topic itself is controversial, most countries would deem it a political statement rather than an essay. Many countries prohibit argumentative essays from being sent out as documentation.Students should be aware that the topic of immigration will likely lead to heated arguments. Arguments for and against the immigration of immigrants into the United States should be made clearly and logically. To avoid any problems, students should be prepared for a complex topic and have studied the topic carefully before writing the essay.Students can make several arguments about the topic of immigration as argumentative essay topics. Many people will disagree with the point of the argument, but a student will probably get the same result no matter what their own opinion is. In order to address a topic effectively, students must have a good grasp of the facts and they must present the facts and their arguments. Many arguments for and against immigration are likely to be debated in the United States, but this does not mean that immigration is always popular.Students should know that the topic of immigration can be considered to be an argumentative essay topic. Many topics of political and social con flict can also be argued. Students can even write about other subjects that may not be controversial in the United States. Students should choose the topic carefully and they should consider their arguments carefully before writing the essay. Each student should have a good grasp of the topic and they should learn about the debate and why it is considered to be important.

The Upside to Syrian Refugee Essay Topics

<h1> The Upside to Syrian Refugee Essay Topics </h1> <p>To sum up, acquiring an expert worker act is truly American. A regular slip-up individuals make is believing that the proposed scope of outcasts just mull over the vital candidates. The possibility of the momentary supportability may likewise be affected by popular conclusion, since the cash gave originates from the open tote. You ought to have your reasons, and our essential concern is that you end up getting a fantastic evaluation. </p> <h2>Understanding Syrian Refugee Essay Topics </h2> <p>Whenever you pick to approach us for master support, don't spare a moment to address our help directors. Additionally, another extremely accommodating thought is to discover some help from a specialist. There are a great deal of interesting points and above all, is the dependability of the administration you choose to utilize. The absolute first thing you can do is watch the news. </p> <h2& gt;Syrian Refugee Essay Topics - the Story </h2> <p>There's, plainly, a breaking point on the assortment of pages even our absolute best journalists can deliver with a squeezing cutoff time, however by and large, we can fulfill all the customers looking for dire help. Partner you should do is to effectively present your request guidelines and produce the installment. A great deal of the information shared has not yet been founded on realities or trustworthy information. Give all the main subtleties, let us think about the cutoff time, and we'll start making your paper to help you in getting high evaluations. </p> <p>These nations are prepared to fund the endeavor and get this fully operational. The Syrian outcast went beneath the enormous change to address their dietary patterns, culture, and a few such things. This activity vows to assist people with accessing the master arranges that will make it feasible for them to create effective vocations in Scotland. </p> <h2> Characteristics of Syrian Refugee Essay Topics</h2> <p>While the inquiries originated from Canadian experience, we trust there'll be adequate material that could be adjusted in various settings. Notwithstanding, you have to recall that IELTS isn't a test of your insight, it's a preliminary of your English. You don't have to consider the best' thoughts, you simply need to consider two thoughts which are applicable to this inquiry. Likewise, we'll gracefully a couple of captivating methodologies and thoughts for understudies. </p> <p>Contrary to what a great many people believe, there's a thorough screening process as of now set up for outcasts entering the usa. Numerous affluent countries acknowledge numerous displaced people like the usa and Australia. As a result, the nations like the UK have expanded the scope of exiles they are set up to acknowledge. It will be basic for the EUand other exile tolerating countries like the usa, Canada, and Australianot just to concentrate on the amounts of evacuees yet additionally to their prerequisites and shifted conditions. </p> <h2>Syrian Refugee Essay Topics Can Be Fun for Everyone </h2> <p>At the occasion, each nation needs to settle on the quantity of displaced people it's set up to acknowledge. Numerous people consider this war inconsequential, however they're weak and becomes casualties. Australia is a most loved nation for displaced people since it's safe and we're a multicultural country. Finally, war slows down up and caused a gigantic slaughter and gore in the country. </p> <p>Finally, a review is given on some of the associations inside Lebanon and other remote associations and the manner in which they're endeavoring to support the displaced people. There's information in each order that is useful in helping tackle the displaced person emergency. </p> <h2> The Basics of Syrian Refugee Essay Topics</h2> <p>This enlightening article can help you by giving you the most successive IELTS paper subjects and demonstrating you the best approach to utilize these to obtain higher scores. Then again, this issue of your paper truly matters. Find what sort of paper you should compose. This way to deal with composing a paper is favored by most of understudies once the subject licenses. </p> <p>The key activities to composing a dynamite paper about evacuees are somewhat clear. Knowing the most common IELTS article subjects lets you focus on the most critical jargon. The fact of the matter is that somebody with a wide extending jargon should be in a situation to talk about any of the run of the mill article points effectively utilizing words that are specific to that theme. There are two essential methods by which you can utilize the most continuous IELTS article subjects to your advantage. </p> <h2> The Advantages of Syrian Refugee Essay Topics </h2> <p>The outcasts are needing social insurance, occupations, lodging and heaps of different assets that need the help of a few offices and associations. On account of this individuals left their homes looking for food. Be that as it may, in your home, you truly feel simply like you're home. Here, this isn't your home. </p> <h2>The Advantages of Syrian Refugee Essay Topics </h2> & lt;p>The paper isn't about your feeling, it is about the realities. You clearly don't need to consider this numerous thoughts and a couple of the thoughts are far superior to other people, yet the point I am endeavoring to make is there are a lot of pertinent' thoughts you could consider. There are heaps of inquiries to be talked about. Then again, there are questions that haven't been broadly explored and may be concentrated in research projects or critical research papers. </p> <p>At this time you have the entirety of the necessary information to deal with the theme The Syrian Refugees Crisis effectively. As a matter of fact, you can discover all that could possibly be needed subtleties identifying with this theme on the web. Discover progressively about the theme completely. For additional information on the most normal points, if you don't mind visit my most run of the mill subjects page.</p> <p>Conclusion The choice of the paper reflects it isn't easy to get by on a Diaspora land in which you truly feel as a touch of branch isolates from the tree. When all is said in done, it's been finished up this time of relocation was gainful. Furthermore, we offer to facilitate some of the weight that incorporates serious scholarly examinations and give you some extra second. May Allah say thanks to them, they've helped us, yet there isn't any association. </p> <p>Increased members at work, bringing about expanded rivalry for employments will most likely prompt a degree of removal. The peril of a fear monger assault by an evacuee who experiences the current screening technique is about nonexistent. Critical reaction is essential and all of the associations must be in a situation to work alongside the host nation's legislature with the goal that any assets can be utilized adequately. Understudies have occupied existences and every now and again disregard a moving toward cutoff time. </p>

Cool Essay Topics About Disney Before 1989

<h1>Cool Essay Topics About Disney Before 1989</h1><p>'Cool Essay Topics About Disney Before 1989' has been one of the most posed inquiries I've heard all semester. Furthermore, it has been on such a long-running theme since I nearly lost tally and the inquiry despite everything springs up periodically in discussion. So I figured the time has come to summarize my contemplations on this theme and carry an increasingly comprehensive way to deal with noting the question.</p><p></p><p>The reason I incorporated the article point is that I feel it is essential to think about the look and feel of the more established and more up to date forms of the Disney movies and how the more up to date ones are significantly more expert and far less silly. The most ideal approach to move toward this is to accept the whole Disney arrangement in general and simply separate them into their center subjects and note what the look like of the characters change and th e sort of stories they are telling.</p><p></p><p>The Look - A great deal of the more established Disney highlights like Fantasia, The Little Mermaid, and Aladdin were viewed as camp and out dated by the present measures however the liveliness quality has unquestionably improved throughout the years. For example, Fantasia is being contrasted with progressively current artistic expressions as far as the two dimensional film. You could never observe the characters moving around as they do in the movies from Bambi or even Zootopia.</p><p></p><p>In terms of how the characters in the exemplary enlivened movies are spoken to in the new component films they're not spoken to very different than their initial partners. Particularly, in the more youthful forms of the characters you see more structures that identify with crafted by acclaimed artists and comic book specialists who are typically utilized as the artists for the more present day and n otable Disney films. Likewise, recall the energized Disney films were created to look increasingly sensible with all the various styles of movement at that point and substantially more like real life movies.</p><p></p><p>The Actual Presentation - There are a few contrasts in the narrating style of the two renditions. I figure the general tone and pace of the motion pictures do contrast from the liveliness style yet I can't state there's a real change as far as the genuine story told.</p><p></p><p>Characters - Walt Disney did a great deal of research before he at any point made his previously vivified include film, which is the reason you see a few characters from his prior works that he later uses all through the motion pictures. I realize numerous individuals like to scrutinize certain Pixar films astoundingly less unique from a significantly more limited asset yet the look and feel of the characters in the Pixar films are so sensible it's difficult to accept they are completely made by the equivalent person.</p><p></p><p>Animation Style - I don't have the foggiest idea whether you know this however Disney did a mess of research on the most proficient method to make an enlivened film and have vivified a similar film more than multiple times. You can see this with the storyboarding and after creation that is finished during the after creation of the entirety of their movies. Disney has been doing this for such a long time, that they likely wouldn't require another after creation studio on the off chance that they didn't as of now have one.</p><p></p><p>The Funniest 'Cool Essay Topics About Disney Before 1989' ought to be tied in with contrasting how these Disney vivified highlights look and feel in this day and age. Recollect the movies were caused to look and to feel increasingly present day however they despite everything hold a great part of the validness of an e lement film. Indeed the film individuals on the arrangement of the Disneyland renditions are not actually what you would call Hollywood entertainers since Disney just recruits notable individuals to film their movies.</p>

Gossip, Lies and Types of Essay Writing Samples

Gossip, Lies and Types of Essay Writing Samples In the introduction mention what part you're likely to discuss. Fill the internet order form on our official site to receive your essay done expertly. Reflective essays serve only a single purpose to reveal your capacity to logically reflect on a specific issue. An expository essay should use evidence and facts in order to spell out something, not merely rely on personal opinion. The Chronicles of Types of Essay Writing Samples The cause and effect essay intends to demonstrate that various phenomena on the planet are interrelated. The writer needs to be well informed about both subjects in order to give the reader with a crystal clear comparison of both subjects. In the end, collect all of the data that you have jotted down earlier and set it in the structure of the specific sort of essay. Various varieties of essays need various forms of hooks as a way to engage the reader from the get-go. The argumentative or persuasive essay demands the writer to stress on a specific view concerning a particular problem. There are a lot of ways to define essay writing depending on the kinds of essays, so let's look at all of the main kinds. Ok, I Think I Understand Types of Essay Writing Samples, Now Tell Me About Types of Essay Writing Samples! When considering a wide essay definition, an individual can define essay as a writing piece on a specific subject or topic. When it has to do with an expository essay, bear in mind that it's aimed at an estimation of the subject from your perspective. An explanation essay gives you helpful information on the process in question step-by-step. The expression expository essay comes from the term exposition tha t is an oral or written explanatory communication. New Ideas Into Types of Essay Writing Samples Never Before Revealed Essay writing is usually practiced is schools. In that circumstance it is known as a college admission essay. The intent of writing this kind of essay is to teach students to earn meaningful sentences. From time to time, the aim of the autobiographical essay is college admission. Essays can be both formal in addition to informal. Synthesis essays are about the masterful handling of at least two sources to strengthen your thesis. Second, the classification essay should depend on a specific organizing theory. Dependent on the requirements, there are seventeen kinds of essays. There are over a dozen forms of essays, therefore it's easy to become confused. There are broadly four kinds of essays. You'll be amazed how many kinds of essays exist and the number of forms they take. Even in case you don't struggle with writing, it does not absolutely mean that you meet your literary potential. As you compose the essay, make sure that you've got an introduction that captures the interest of a reader. You want to understand how to encourage readers to keep reading. Another intriguing strategy to interact with your reader is to begin with a question. The cost of an essay is dependent upon the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. The most common writing type out there is it. As a writer, you compose an essay for any given purpose. Writing an essay is an essential role in academe life. The Bad Secret of Types of Essay Writing Samples The very first step to compose a research essay is to locate a topic to do research on. The number of categories chosen for discussion sets a tempo for the entire essay. After you have selected the topic for a classification essay and have studied it with distinctive strategies of writing, you ought to be prepared to compose the very first draft. Not to mention, there are several excellent essay topics that you're able to write and take the examples we've provided to satisfy your writing needs. Types of Essay Writing Samples Can Be Fun for Everyone Needless to say, an essay is going to be written dependent on the topic matter, while it's an argumentative essay, among the kinds of ex pository essays thrown at you, or any other varieties of college essays, you're have to be familiarized with all the types in order to compose it. It is like an empty canvas. It should be written in some logical narrative order. Writing an essay was a significant part the homework or assignments. Persuasive essays can be quite challenging. Expository essays are generally used on the SAT. Descriptive essays supply every sensory detail of what's actually described. A persuasive essay should be quite tough and influential. The expository essay includes basic requirements that are peculiar to any essay. Among different varieties of writing, an informative essay is the most frequently experienced. Persuasive essays and argumentative essays are deemed similar, but they're not quite exactly the same.

Information, Network And Cyber Security - 1455 Words

CANDIDATE NAME: NAZIFI IDRIS KHALID STUDENT NUMBER: C1473542 MODULE CODE: CMT 104 MODULE TITLE: INFORMATION, NETWORK AND CYBER SECURITY SEMINAR TUTOR: DR. PETE BURNAP ESSAY TITLE / COURSEWORK: COURSEWORK WORD COUNT: 1500 Review of Existing Literature: The most important goal of any access control model is to provide a verifiable system that guarantees the protection of any information from being accessed by an unauthorised party; in line with some defined security policies (Ausanka-crues 2006). Many access control models have evolved over time that manage access to resources in the organisation. With each one leveraging on a particular element of security. The Bell- Lapadula model for example focuses on Confidentiality; while the Biba†¦show more content†¦The User does not have any privilege to change or modify his setting or access level to any party. On the other end, Discretionary Access Control Model gives the User all the rights and privileges over any object on his profile including all the programs associated with it. This means that the User can be able to modify security settings and privileges for others. This of course is very flexible at the expense of security rigidity. Which in turn may lead to misuse or ab use of privilege which is a major setback for this model. Rule Based Access Control is administered based on some predefined rules set by the Systems Administrator for each User. This means that there are as equal the rules set as the number of Users in the Organisation. This eventually becomes cumbersome as the number of Users gets larger.(Anon n.d.). The Role Based Access Control is based on the user’s role or job functions. Permissions are granted to the role and not the individual. For example if the user performs role of a Deputy Manager, he is mapped to the role of a Deputy Manager. And thus He shares a common role with any other User of the same position in the same Organisation. This access control model offers more flexibility and ease of Management to the Administrator from a central location; as there are fewer roles to manage as compared to the number of Users. Context Aware Access Control takes into consideration the context information of

Secure Atms by Image Processing free essay sample

SECURE ATM BY IMAGE PROCESSINg ABSTRACT This paper encloses the information regarding the ‘IMAGE PROCESSING’. And discussed one of the major application of image processing ‘BIOMETRICS’. Biometrics technology allows determination and verification of ones identity through physical characteristics. To put it simply, it turns your body in to your password. We discussed various biometric techniques like finger scan, retina scan, facial scan, hand scan etc. Two algorithms have been proposed by taking biometric techniques to authenticate an ATM account holder , enabling a secure ATM by image processing. Biometrics is now applied in various public and private sectors. No doubt, biometrics is going to be next generation’s powerful security tool†¦! What is Digital Image Processing? An Image may be defined as a two dimensional function f (x,y) where x and y are spatial(plane) coordinates x, y is called intensity or gray level of the image at that point. When x, y and the amplitude values of f are all finite, discrete quantities, we call the image a digital image. We will write a custom essay sample on Secure Atms by Image Processing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Interest in digital image areas: improvement of pictorial information for human interpretation: and representation for autonomous machine perception. The entire process of Image Processing and starting from the receiving of visual information to the giving out of description of the scene, may be divided into three major stages which are also considered as major sub areas, and are given below (i) Discretization and representation: Converting visual information into a discrete form: suitable for computer processing: approximating visual information to save storage space as well as time requirement in subsequent processing. (ii) Processing :Improving image quality by filtering etc ; compressing data to save storage and channel capacity during transmission. iii) Analysis: Extracting image features; qualifying shapes, registration and recognition. We concentrated on human interpretation application and developed two algorithms which can make the ATM secure by image processing. 1. Overview With the increasing necessity of e-mail accessing and Internet resources and the convenience it offers serious security concerns also arise. Internet is vulnerable to intruders who are always snooping to find open computers in the network to steal personal files, information or cause any damage. The loss of these records, emails or customer files can be devastating. 1. 1 Draw back of passwords-need for Biometrics No more problems if forgotten passwords and id codes, biometrics is the technology taking care of it which turns your body into your password. Typically, the more rigorous you make your password selection and construction rules the more difficulty users will have in remembering their passwords. Unfortunately, strict password rules are necessary to stop simple hacker attacks on the network. The fundamental problem with password is two fold. First, they are transferable they can be written down on paper, they can be transferred to some one who should not have them. Second, and just as important, they can be forgotten. Recent research suggests that a forgotten password can cost as much as US$ 340 per event! This is n’t too surprising. Clearly, the risk and costs of compromised passwords are a significant facto to consider in developing any sure system. The critical need for additional level of security has given rise to the field of â€Å"BIOMETRICS† 2. Introduction The present generation security issue is considered the basic TCP/IP encryptions and other factors that are provided by the network. But there was lack of consistent identification of individuals, then the newly developed technology Biometrics, came in to picture. Biometrics can be defined as recognizing and identifying a person based on physiological or behavioral characteristics. Biometrics technologies are applied in the following sectors: Public services, law enforcement, banking, physical access control and control and computer networks. These include fingerprints, facial features, retina shape, speech, handwriting, etc. Biometrics can be used to prevent unauthorized access to ATM’s, smart cards, desktop PC’s workstations, cellular phones, home security systems, door locks, etc. The advanced Biometrics solution uses a more sophisticated method called â€Å"identification†. The design of an advanced solution enables the product to search a very large database and pick the individual from the crowd. Biometric is the most secure and convenient authentication tool. It can’t be borrowed. Stolen, or forgotten, and forging one is practically impossible. 2. 1 Classification of biometrics: The two categories of biometric techniques are: The physiological based techniques, which measure the physiological characteristics of a person. These include fingerprint verification, iris analysis, facial analysis, hand geometry-vein patterns, ear recognition, odor detection and DNA pattern analysis. The behavioral based techniques, which measure the behavior of a person. These include hand written signature verification and speech analysis. These techniques involve two major steps. These are the Authentication the verification. Authentication is a process of one-to one comparison, rather than a mass searching process. Identification is a process of checking for a particular identity in the database available. The setting of the error tolerance of these systems is critical to their performance. Both errors (False Rejection and False Acceptance). Should be low and they should both are quoted by the manufacturers. 3. How biometric technology works Process involved in using a biometric system for security is: Figure1. During enrollment: )Capture the biometrics, which has to be stored in the database; 2) Process the biometric, extract and enroll the biometric template; 3)Store the template in a local repository, a central repository, or a portable token such as a smart card. During access to database: 4) Live-scan the biometric feature; 5) Process the biometric and extract the biometric template; 6) Match the scanned biometric against stored templates; 7) Incase of successful verification; provide a matching score to business application; 8) Record a secure audit trail with respect to system use Biometric applications depend on comparing as new measure against previously captured information. In biometric applications, some aspect of a person is measured; the measure is processed; and the resulting data is stored; At a subsequent time, the same aspect of a person is measured and compared against the stored data . If it is being used for authentication, the new data is compared against the data, already in storage for that person. If it is being used for identification, the entire database is searched, in order to locate one or more individuals that are a close fit to the new data. Most biometrics technologies do not seek exact equality between the new and the stored measures. Instead they have a pre-set tolerance range within which the two are deemed to be sufficiently close. In order to reduce transmission time, costs and to require less storage space, compression algorithms are used. To provide better transfer rate of data during identification authentication ‘hashing’ is used. Hashing is a process of detecting the perfect match of a particular input record from a large database using a hashing function. 4. Applications of biometrics All the information regarding the fingerprints, retina etc†¦ Are digitalized and stored. This can be compared with a database in seconds and with an extraordinary degree of accuracy. Fingerprints have the advantage of being cheaper and simpler than most other biometrics. 4. 1E-commerce Applications: E-commerce developers are exploring the use of biometrics to more accurately verify a trading party’s identity. 4. 2 Covert Surveillance: Facial and body recognition biometric techniques come in to picture automatically to identify known suspects entering buildings or traversing crowed security areas such as airports. . Types of Biometric security technologies: 5. 1 Finger scan: Finger-scan biometrics is base on the distinctive characteristics of the human fingerprint. A fingerprint image is read from a capture device, features are extracted from the image, and a template is created. Figure2: Fingerprints are used in forensic applications: large- scale, one-to-many searches on databases of up to millions of fingerprints. These searches can be done within only a few hours by using AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems). The basic in both finger scan and finger prints is that the curvatures, deltas, crossovers, pores, loops etc, are of a person are captured and stored in the database in digitized for and are encrypted in cases of authentication or identification. 5. 2 Retina scan: Retina scan requires the user to situate his or her eye with ? inch of the capture device and hold still while the reader ascertains the patterns. The user looks at a rotating green light as the patterns of the retina are measured at over 400 points; which leads a very high level off accuracy in comparison to most other biometrics. Retina scan is designed to use in ilitary facilities, logical security applications such as network access or PC logic. The patterns of blood vessels on the back of the human eye are unique from person to person. The blood vessels on the back of the retina are generally stable through one’s lifetime, with the exception of degenerative diseases. Since the retina is an internal portion of th e eye, retina scanning is considered intrusive. Thus the individual may be hesitant to get exposed to the scanning. Moreover, retina scanning is a costly and sophisticated process . 5. 3 Iris scan: The iris has colored streaks and lines that radiate out from the pupil of the eye. The iris provides the most comprehensive biometric data after DNA. And the chance that any two people may have the same pattern is one in 10 to-the-power-78, which is way above the current population of the Earth. In this scanning, the characteristics of the iris are taken into account. About 266 unique points are recorded and converted into a 512-byte iris code (somewhat similar to barcode). For recording the iris pattern, a monochrome camera is used and the distance between the eye and the camera can be at most 3 feet. The iris code constructed contains information the characteristics and position of the unique points. The iris has more unique information than any other single organ in the body. 6. Drawbacks: A major problem with biometrics is how and where to store the user’s template. Its storage introduces privacy concerns. On the other hand, storing the template on a smart card enhances individual privacy and increases protection from attack, because individual users control their own templates. Inside the eye is a very delicate area and so, many people are very hesitating to use laser eye device. Two primary causes of errors affect biometric data: time and environmental conditions. Biometrics may change as an individual ages. Environmental conditions may either after the biometric directly (for example, if a finger is cut and scarred) or interfere with the data collection (for instance, background noise when using a voice biometric). 7. Future of biometrics Biometric technology is one area that no segment of the IT industry can afford to ignore, biometrics provides security benefits across the spectrum, from IT vendors to end users, and from security system developers to security system users. All these industry sectors must evaluate the costs and benefits of implementing such security measures. 8. Work on biometrics Every biometric system has its limitations. Therefore, identification based on multiple biometrics is an emerging trend as multimodel biometrics can provide a more balanced solution to the security multimodel systems involve the use of more than one biometric system. Our contribution to the above subject is that we have developed an algorithm on banking security. For this we have considered a bank using biometric technology for its security purpose. The security is assured by using finger scan, voice scan, hand geometry scan and by requesting the password given by the bank for a particular user when necessary. The following are the flowcharts and the algorithms. . 2. 1Algorithm 1: a)STEP 1: A person enters the bank that uses biometric technology (finger scan, voice scan hand scan) for greater degree of security. b)STEP 2: The person is requested to give his or her fingerprint (as input) on the finger scan pad Fingerprint is matched with any one of the fingerprints available in the database (condition) THEN, GOTO STEP 8. ELSE (i. e. , if finger print does not find a match) GOTOSTEP 4 c)STEP 4: The person is requested to speak few words, which is converted into digitalized code by the voice scanner. )STEP 5: The code in the above step is compared with all the voice codes in the database e)IF the code is matched (condition) THEN, GOTO ALGORITHM 2 f)ELSE (i. e. , if the code does not find a match) GOTO STEP 6. g) STEP6: The person is requested to plae his hand above the hand scanner so that the structure of the hand is recorded. h) STEP 7: The data in the above step is compared with all the data available in the database. IF the data is matched THEN,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. GOTO STEP8. ELSE (i. e. , the data does not find a match)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. GOTO Algorithm 2. i) STEP 8: access the matched file in the database j) STEP 9: Exit. 8. 2. Algorithm 2: k) STEP 1: A request is sent to the database querying it to send the password file from the OS security files. l) The passwords are received in an encrypted from (DES-dat a Encryption Standards). m) STEP 2: The person is requested to speak his password. n) STEP3: the vocal password spoken in the above step is converted into textual password by the speech processing circuit. o) STEP 4:This password is compared with the password file from STEP 1; IF match is found THEN, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Access the database. ELSE, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Glow the danger light (indicating theft) p) STEP5: Exit. 9. Conclusion: Considering various applications of image processing biometric techniques like finger scan, retina scan etc, finger scan is widely used. Biometric technology has been around for decades but has mainly been for highly secretive environments with extreme security measures. The proposed algorithm for security of ATM’s implies a secure world with biometrics, enabling a secure ATM’S by image processing. The technologies behind biometrics are still emerging. This article gives a snapshot of the dynamics under way in this emerging biometric market, and we hope it will help all the possible alternatives when acquiring new biometric technologies.