Dubious And Liability Under Data Protection Act 1998

1. Dubious and Liability under Data Protection Act 1998 Dubious, as a company’s new Trainee, inadvertently posted huge amount of customers’ personal information on a public website. His unauthorized access to company document, particularly the confidential information, absolutely went against the regulations in the Data Protection Act 1998 (DPA 1998). As an organization that is responsible for data controlling and processing, the company should be involved in this information breach issue. The DPA 1998 provides a whole complete legal framework to safeguard the basic human right related to their personal and sensitive personal information privacy as well as place duties on those data controllers. Therefore, several substantive elements should be clarified to declare the company’s guilty as well as Dubious’. The infringement of the right to privacy that protected under the DPA 1998 will be regard as â€Å"personal data†, which could be the first need to be explored. In Section 1(1) DPA 1998, personal data is defined as data relating to a living identifiable individual. Actually it covers not only digital data but also those data stored on hard copy in filing systems including other certain relevant information. It is important to note that, as to the aspect on the ability to identify an individual, any data held could be determined personal data through partly either the data held itself or other non-critical information, such as any expression of opinion or the assessmentsShow MoreRelatedWhat Do We Know About Audit Quality?13880 Words   |  56 Pagesnumber of dimensions such as ï ¬ rm size, industry specialization, ofï ¬ ce characteristics, and cross-country differences in legal systems and auditor liability exposure. The evidence is very positive although there is some in dication that audit quality may have declined in the 1990s, in which case there could be merit in recent reforms such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the US. 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Electronic Cigarettes Tobacco Harm Reduction - 2146 Words

Electronic cigarettes have been marketed in recent years as alternatives to smoking. They are electrically-driven devices, used to vaporise a liquid that may or may not contain nicotine. They consist of a battery part-usually lithium battery, and an atomizer where liquid is stored and is aerosolized by heating a resistance encircling a wick. The main ingredients of liquids are propylene glycol, glycerol and a variety of flavourings. A huge variety of devices and different liquids are available, with the main purpose to satisfy users’ need and preference. The powerful addictive properties of nicotine and of the ritualistic behaviour of smoking make smoking cessation a difficult task. Currently-approved products for smoking cessation have low long-term quit rates, with nicotine replacement therapy having less than 7% sustained abstinence rate, while oral medications have less than 20% quit rate at one year. Therefore, tobacco harm reduction strategies and products have been developed, with the goal to reduce smoking-related morbidity and mortality burden by providing nicotine in a less harmful form. Electronic cigarettes are tobacco harm reduction products that may deal with both chemical through nicotine delivery and behavioural through motor simulation and sensory stimulation addiction to smoking. Awareness and use of Electronic cigarettes are growing exponentially, but there is controversy over their potential as smoking substitutes. 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British American Tobacco aims to increase its market share and to become the biggest publicly-listed tobacco company. In pursuing this intention (objective, goal), the company has completed a number of strategic investments and partnerships focused

Intersectionality A Sociological And Critical Theory Example For Students

Intersectionality : A Sociological And Critical Theory Intersectionality is a sociological and critical theory about how an individual can face multiple threats such as oppression, domination and discrimination when their various biological, social and cultural identities overlap such as gender, race, sex, wealth, age, ability, sexuality and many other characteristics. Intersectionality maintains that oppressive institutions such as racism, classism, ageism and countless more â€Å"isms†, are interconnected and do not act separately of one another. The idea of intersectionality applies to both genders but is traditionally applied to women. Victoria Bromley, author of Feminism Matters: Debates, Theories and Activism expresses intersectionality by explaining how power is utilized in various forms to empower and show privilege in the feminist society. She also discusses oppression as a tool of understanding how intersectionality is a complex idea. Bromley, argues using everyday examples and analysis to illustrate how intersectionalit y affects how a women can experience oppression in various ways and intensities depending on the way her social and cultural categories are interconnected. In Feminism Matters, Victoria Bromley analyses the use of power and how it intertwines with intersectionality and the feminist culture. There are two different ways that power is visualized in our society. The first branch she discusses, is empowerment. Bromley defines empowerment as a power that permits people to live more accomplished lives. Empowerment is an important aspect of feminism as it promotes power to be shared and be used for good instead of evil. Bromley believes that empowerment is â€Å"collective, expansive, and beneficial†¦Empowerment increases the social, economic, political and spiritual strength of individuals and their communities† (Bromley 50). The other side of power that Bromley mentions is the power that focuses on the systems of inclusion and exclusion, hierarchies of privilege and the system of domination and subordination. This type of power is what defines the struggle of intersectionality and what feminists want to eliminate in our society. It defines the fact that women are all the same and share the exact same life experiences; which is untrue. Another big aspect of power within intersectionality is privilege. Privilege, â€Å"†¦refers to an unspoken and invisible advantage that is not earned but conferred based on markers of identity- gender, race, class, sexuality, ability, and age† (Bromley 53). Bromley explains how power can be associated with privileged. For example, she explains how the unearned privilege of a white candidate who is being interviewed, means they are offered the job based on their perceived skin colour. The relationship between power and privilege is important as in this example, it determines who gets the job based off of their skin colour, ignoring the fact that the applicant may not have the credentials for the job. This disqualifies all the applicants with ethnic names, various races and backgrounds to even get the opportunity because of discrimination and exclusion. In our socie ty privilege is only associated with an image of a heterosexual, white, wealthy man and they are who are dominating this world. Feminists are trying to eradicate this idea of unearned privilege but the only way this can happen is if society becomes conscious of the seriousness of intersectionality. Oppression is another main theme in Bromley’s argument about intersectionality. The oppression you face is based on your markers of identity, such as race, gender, sex, sexuality, wealth and many more but it is impossible to understand these categories as being, â€Å"separated from the oppressive structures that form interlocking systems of oppression† (Bromley 55). Some of these oppressive structures are patriarchy, racism, colonialism, Eurocentrism, heterosexism, transphobia and ableism and prevent change and social lawfulness. To understand the complexity of oppression we have to look at the methods used to oppress people such as domination, inclusion, exclusion, inequality and exploitation to acquire another people’s land, culture and wealth. For example, Eurocentrism, uses the method of inclusion and exclusion to show the world that the ideal image of a European is the only valuable identity there is. They are known to use methods of oppression, domination, inclusion, exclusion, inequality and exploitation to acquire another people’s land, culture and wealth. For example, Eurocentrism, uses the method of inclusion and exclusion to show the world that the ideal image of a European is the only valuable identity there is. These oppressive structures have greatly influenced our world when it comes to understanding how the effects of intersectionality depend on the time period, geological aspect and location. .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8 , .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8 .postImageUrl , .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8 , .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8:hover , .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8:visited , .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8:active { border:0!important; } .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8:active , .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8 .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Youve come a long way baby EssayIn conclusion, people’s lives are multidimensional and intricate. Bromley expresses how intersectionality is based on oppression, privilege and power and how it’s important for us to understand the implications of these structures. The reality of today’s society takes into consideration how multiple identities connect and affect someone’s life.